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Proanthocyanidins as Antioxidant |
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Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UV-radiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes.
Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 2006 May 1;40(9):1603-14
UV radiation causes oxidative stress in skin cells, resulting in various skin diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the photoprotective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins on human skin cells exposed to UV radiation. Proanthocyanidins are the main antioxidants
of grapes. The researchers found that treatment of the skin cells with grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibited the production of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage. The antioxidant activity of the grape seed proanthocyanidins neutralized hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. Grape seed proanthocyanidins also influenced signaling pathways (such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB) activated by UV induced oxidative stress. The study concluded that grape seed proanthocyanidins could be used to reduce skin damage caused by UV-radiation.
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and antioxidant defense in the brain of adult rats.
Medical Science Monitor. 2006 April;12(4):BR124-9
The phytochemical proanthocyanidin is the main antioxidant of grape seeds. The aim of this in-vivo study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin on the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus in brain of rats. The researchers found that proanthocyanidins increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (an important antioxidant defense enzyme) and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (marker of lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species) and protein carbonyl (marker of oxidative modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species). Intake of proanthocyanidins also resulted in an increase of choline acetyltransferase (marker for neuron activity). The study concluded that proanthocyanidins improves the antioxidant defense mechanism by reducing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation may enhance cognition.
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